001/*
002 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
003 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
004 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
005 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
006 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
007 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
008 *
009 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
010 *
011 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
012 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
013 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
014 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
015 * limitations under the License.
016 */
017
018package org.apache.commons.codec.net;
019
020import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
021import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
022import java.util.BitSet;
023
024import org.apache.commons.codec.BinaryDecoder;
025import org.apache.commons.codec.BinaryEncoder;
026import org.apache.commons.codec.CharEncoding;
027import org.apache.commons.codec.DecoderException;
028import org.apache.commons.codec.EncoderException;
029import org.apache.commons.codec.StringDecoder;
030import org.apache.commons.codec.StringEncoder;
031import org.apache.commons.codec.binary.StringUtils;
032
033/**
034 * Implements the 'www-form-urlencoded' encoding scheme, also misleadingly known as URL encoding.
035 * <p>
036 * This codec is meant to be a replacement for standard Java classes {@link java.net.URLEncoder} and
037 * {@link java.net.URLDecoder} on older Java platforms, as these classes in Java versions below
038 * 1.4 rely on the platform's default charset encoding.
039 * <p>
040 * This class is immutable and thread-safe.
041 *
042 * @see <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/interact/forms.html#h-17.13.4.1">Chapter 17.13.4 Form content types</a>
043 *           of the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/">HTML 4.01 Specification<a>
044 *
045 * @since 1.2
046 * @version $Id: URLCodec.java 1462705 2013-03-30 05:22:40Z ggregory $
047 */
048public class URLCodec implements BinaryEncoder, BinaryDecoder, StringEncoder, StringDecoder {
049
050    /**
051     * Radix used in encoding and decoding.
052     */
053    static final int RADIX = 16;
054
055    /**
056     * The default charset used for string decoding and encoding.
057     *
058     * @deprecated TODO: This field will be changed to a private final Charset in 2.0.
059     */
060    @Deprecated
061    protected String charset;
062
063    /**
064     * Release 1.5 made this field final.
065     */
066    protected static final byte ESCAPE_CHAR = '%';
067    /**
068     * BitSet of www-form-url safe characters.
069     */
070    protected static final BitSet WWW_FORM_URL = new BitSet(256);
071
072    // Static initializer for www_form_url
073    static {
074        // alpha characters
075        for (int i = 'a'; i <= 'z'; i++) {
076            WWW_FORM_URL.set(i);
077        }
078        for (int i = 'A'; i <= 'Z'; i++) {
079            WWW_FORM_URL.set(i);
080        }
081        // numeric characters
082        for (int i = '0'; i <= '9'; i++) {
083            WWW_FORM_URL.set(i);
084        }
085        // special chars
086        WWW_FORM_URL.set('-');
087        WWW_FORM_URL.set('_');
088        WWW_FORM_URL.set('.');
089        WWW_FORM_URL.set('*');
090        // blank to be replaced with +
091        WWW_FORM_URL.set(' ');
092    }
093
094
095    /**
096     * Default constructor.
097     */
098    public URLCodec() {
099        this(CharEncoding.UTF_8);
100    }
101
102    /**
103     * Constructor which allows for the selection of a default charset.
104     *
105     * @param charset the default string charset to use.
106     */
107    public URLCodec(final String charset) {
108        super();
109        this.charset = charset;
110    }
111
112    /**
113     * Encodes an array of bytes into an array of URL safe 7-bit characters. Unsafe characters are escaped.
114     *
115     * @param urlsafe
116     *            bitset of characters deemed URL safe
117     * @param bytes
118     *            array of bytes to convert to URL safe characters
119     * @return array of bytes containing URL safe characters
120     */
121    public static final byte[] encodeUrl(BitSet urlsafe, final byte[] bytes) {
122        if (bytes == null) {
123            return null;
124        }
125        if (urlsafe == null) {
126            urlsafe = WWW_FORM_URL;
127        }
128
129        final ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
130        for (final byte c : bytes) {
131            int b = c;
132            if (b < 0) {
133                b = 256 + b;
134            }
135            if (urlsafe.get(b)) {
136                if (b == ' ') {
137                    b = '+';
138                }
139                buffer.write(b);
140            } else {
141                buffer.write(ESCAPE_CHAR);
142                final char hex1 = Character.toUpperCase(Character.forDigit((b >> 4) & 0xF, RADIX));
143                final char hex2 = Character.toUpperCase(Character.forDigit(b & 0xF, RADIX));
144                buffer.write(hex1);
145                buffer.write(hex2);
146            }
147        }
148        return buffer.toByteArray();
149    }
150
151    /**
152     * Decodes an array of URL safe 7-bit characters into an array of original bytes. Escaped characters are converted
153     * back to their original representation.
154     *
155     * @param bytes
156     *            array of URL safe characters
157     * @return array of original bytes
158     * @throws DecoderException
159     *             Thrown if URL decoding is unsuccessful
160     */
161    public static final byte[] decodeUrl(final byte[] bytes) throws DecoderException {
162        if (bytes == null) {
163            return null;
164        }
165        final ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
166        for (int i = 0; i < bytes.length; i++) {
167            final int b = bytes[i];
168            if (b == '+') {
169                buffer.write(' ');
170            } else if (b == ESCAPE_CHAR) {
171                try {
172                    final int u = Utils.digit16(bytes[++i]);
173                    final int l = Utils.digit16(bytes[++i]);
174                    buffer.write((char) ((u << 4) + l));
175                } catch (final ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
176                    throw new DecoderException("Invalid URL encoding: ", e);
177                }
178            } else {
179                buffer.write(b);
180            }
181        }
182        return buffer.toByteArray();
183    }
184
185    /**
186     * Encodes an array of bytes into an array of URL safe 7-bit characters. Unsafe characters are escaped.
187     *
188     * @param bytes
189     *            array of bytes to convert to URL safe characters
190     * @return array of bytes containing URL safe characters
191     */
192    @Override
193    public byte[] encode(final byte[] bytes) {
194        return encodeUrl(WWW_FORM_URL, bytes);
195    }
196
197
198    /**
199     * Decodes an array of URL safe 7-bit characters into an array of original bytes. Escaped characters are converted
200     * back to their original representation.
201     *
202     * @param bytes
203     *            array of URL safe characters
204     * @return array of original bytes
205     * @throws DecoderException
206     *             Thrown if URL decoding is unsuccessful
207     */
208    @Override
209    public byte[] decode(final byte[] bytes) throws DecoderException {
210        return decodeUrl(bytes);
211    }
212
213    /**
214     * Encodes a string into its URL safe form using the specified string charset. Unsafe characters are escaped.
215     *
216     * @param str
217     *            string to convert to a URL safe form
218     * @param charset
219     *            the charset for str
220     * @return URL safe string
221     * @throws UnsupportedEncodingException
222     *             Thrown if charset is not supported
223     */
224    public String encode(final String str, final String charset) throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
225        if (str == null) {
226            return null;
227        }
228        return StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(encode(str.getBytes(charset)));
229    }
230
231    /**
232     * Encodes a string into its URL safe form using the default string charset. Unsafe characters are escaped.
233     *
234     * @param str
235     *            string to convert to a URL safe form
236     * @return URL safe string
237     * @throws EncoderException
238     *             Thrown if URL encoding is unsuccessful
239     *
240     * @see #getDefaultCharset()
241     */
242    @Override
243    public String encode(final String str) throws EncoderException {
244        if (str == null) {
245            return null;
246        }
247        try {
248            return encode(str, getDefaultCharset());
249        } catch (final UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
250            throw new EncoderException(e.getMessage(), e);
251        }
252    }
253
254
255    /**
256     * Decodes a URL safe string into its original form using the specified encoding. Escaped characters are converted
257     * back to their original representation.
258     *
259     * @param str
260     *            URL safe string to convert into its original form
261     * @param charset
262     *            the original string charset
263     * @return original string
264     * @throws DecoderException
265     *             Thrown if URL decoding is unsuccessful
266     * @throws UnsupportedEncodingException
267     *             Thrown if charset is not supported
268     */
269    public String decode(final String str, final String charset) throws DecoderException, UnsupportedEncodingException {
270        if (str == null) {
271            return null;
272        }
273        return new String(decode(StringUtils.getBytesUsAscii(str)), charset);
274    }
275
276    /**
277     * Decodes a URL safe string into its original form using the default string charset. Escaped characters are
278     * converted back to their original representation.
279     *
280     * @param str
281     *            URL safe string to convert into its original form
282     * @return original string
283     * @throws DecoderException
284     *             Thrown if URL decoding is unsuccessful
285     * @see #getDefaultCharset()
286     */
287    @Override
288    public String decode(final String str) throws DecoderException {
289        if (str == null) {
290            return null;
291        }
292        try {
293            return decode(str, getDefaultCharset());
294        } catch (final UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
295            throw new DecoderException(e.getMessage(), e);
296        }
297    }
298
299    /**
300     * Encodes an object into its URL safe form. Unsafe characters are escaped.
301     *
302     * @param obj
303     *            string to convert to a URL safe form
304     * @return URL safe object
305     * @throws EncoderException
306     *             Thrown if URL encoding is not applicable to objects of this type or if encoding is unsuccessful
307     */
308    @Override
309    public Object encode(final Object obj) throws EncoderException {
310        if (obj == null) {
311            return null;
312        } else if (obj instanceof byte[]) {
313            return encode((byte[])obj);
314        } else if (obj instanceof String) {
315            return encode((String)obj);
316        } else {
317            throw new EncoderException("Objects of type " + obj.getClass().getName() + " cannot be URL encoded");
318
319        }
320    }
321
322    /**
323     * Decodes a URL safe object into its original form. Escaped characters are converted back to their original
324     * representation.
325     *
326     * @param obj
327     *            URL safe object to convert into its original form
328     * @return original object
329     * @throws DecoderException
330     *             Thrown if the argument is not a <code>String</code> or <code>byte[]</code>. Thrown if a failure
331     *             condition is encountered during the decode process.
332     */
333    @Override
334    public Object decode(final Object obj) throws DecoderException {
335        if (obj == null) {
336            return null;
337        } else if (obj instanceof byte[]) {
338            return decode((byte[]) obj);
339        } else if (obj instanceof String) {
340            return decode((String) obj);
341        } else {
342            throw new DecoderException("Objects of type " + obj.getClass().getName() + " cannot be URL decoded");
343
344        }
345    }
346
347    /**
348     * The default charset used for string decoding and encoding.
349     *
350     * @return the default string charset.
351     */
352    public String getDefaultCharset() {
353        return this.charset;
354    }
355
356    /**
357     * The <code>String</code> encoding used for decoding and encoding.
358     *
359     * @return Returns the encoding.
360     *
361     * @deprecated Use {@link #getDefaultCharset()}, will be removed in 2.0.
362     */
363    @Deprecated
364    public String getEncoding() {
365        return this.charset;
366    }
367
368}